Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological condition where the body’s own immune system attacks myelin, a fatty tissue that wraps around nerve cells. Myelin protects the nerve cells but, more importantly, it acts as “insulation”.

Like the covering on an electrical wire, this insulation prevents outside signals from getting in and the signals inside from getting out. This allows the signal traveling through the neuron to reach its destination loud and clear.

When the myelin gets damaged, the nervous system cannot function properly. Leading to a wide range of symptoms including:

• mood imbalances
• cognitive problems
• issues related to movement and balance
• gait challenges

Previously, doctors believed that damage to the nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, could not be healed. Once the damage was done, it was done forever. However, more recently, researchers are finding that the nervous system could slowly be restored. That includes the restoration of the myelin sheaths around the nerve cells.

This process is called “remyelination.” It is thought to be a natural process that the body uses to shore up and repair injury or wear-and-tear on the myelin sheaths.

Early Thoughts

Remyelination has been seen in the spinal cord and other parts of the nervous system, and appears to restore the myelin sheath to a healthy condition (or has the potential to do so). A major issue in MS is the scar tissue that grows as a way to try to compensate for the damaged myelin. This scar tissue is very non-conductive and makes it difficult for the nervous system to function properly. With remyelination, this does not appear to be the case.

There is a lot we do not know about remyelination – what triggers it, what increases it, and how it can be induced. As our understanding  of this healing process grows, we will be better able to make remyelination happen through specific therapies. Potentially, further study could lead to other treatments for MS as well.

Here is what we know so far:

How Does Remyelination Work?

We don’t know what triggers remyelination. But, cells – possibly immature oligodendrocytes (oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, or OPCs) – detect the damage and begin the process of repairing the myelin.

These cells are important. They produce myelin in the nervous system and the brain, as well as having many other important neurological functions. Remyelination is complicated — the body has to produce many different building blocks of myelin, including lipids (fats) and cholesterol. They also need to be put together properly and arrayed on the neurons. 

What we do know is that remyelination appears to be a constant process. The only way to see it, when it is active, is to slow down and reduce the de-myelination.

Immune system suppressing or inflammation-reducing drugs, alongside stress-reduction techniques, stop the damage being done to the myelin and allow the recovery to take a better hold. This makes treatment more than just holding back the flood – it is important to healing.

Myelin Production

The remains of damaged myelin prevent the repair of the myelin. In MS, these scraps are not properly cleared out by macrophages and other immune system cells. When treated with the right medications, the immune system is better able to do its actual job.

Myelin production is also affected by age. As people get older, these repair processes are less effective. Also, the longer that someone has lived with MS, the less effective the remyelination is. Nervous system activity, however, encourages remyelination. So, keeping the brain and nervous system active and stimulated is important to recovery.

Current treatments for MS are imperfect; the damage is still being done. This means that remyelination is slow and may be easily overwhelmed by inflammation. Ideally, MS treatments would include some form of medication or therapy that stimulates remyelination.

Future Therapies for Remyelination

Immunomodulatory medications, anti-inflammatories, and other medications used to combat autoimmune diseases such as MS might also help with remyelination. When the immune system is working properly, it may actually encourage healing instead of hindering it.

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) is a medication used to treat MS. More specifically, it is a monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies, which are designed to turn the immune system on its own misbehaving cells, are an especially promising therapy for MS. These antibodies are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and targeting the MS damage. And have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for trials. Ocrelizumab requires an IV injection. It also comes along with several severe side effects and reactions.

Bexarotene, a retinoid, is a cancer drug that stops the growth of cancer cells. Because the immune system is also a rapidly growing and dividing cell-type, it can be used to treat autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune system. This may give a person with MS some space to repair their neurons, though it comes with the cost of a suppressed immune system. This suppression leaves people vulnerable to illness and infection.

Future therapies might also target how the oligodendrocyte cells process cholesterol. Certain treatments might encourage these cells to be more active, and thus more regenerative. Most of these therapies are still under research, or undergoing early clinical trials. These include stem cell therapy and oral antihistamines (used for allergies.) These therapies are hints to a promising future for remyelination treatments.

In either case, it is a bright future – and more therapies for remyelination may soon be found.

For nearly 96% of people with multiple sclerosis, extreme fatigue is a primary symptom of their disease. Very different from exhaustion, fatigue is all-too-often not acknowledged by doctors and other family members. It is, however, very real – and, for people with MS, it can actually be measured.

Read on to learn more about what contributes to this symptom, and how you can minimize its impact.

What Contributes to Fatigue with Multiple Sclerosis?

While the causes of fatigue can be mysterious and vary from person to person, research has identified many relevant factors including:

• Poor sleep quality, due to pain, spasms, or bathroom issues
• Mood regulation disorders such as depression and anxiety
• Anemia (low red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood)
• Vitamin D deficiency, which can be linked to not being able to exercise outside
• Diabetes and other hormone-related diet issues
• And certain medications for M.S.

Because M.S. attacks the nervous system, the loss of axons and myelin is also a major factor. Brain signals have trouble navigating through areas of the brain and spinal cord that are damaged by M.S. These messages either have to find alternate routes or power through the damage – in both cases, it requires more energy for that signal to reach its destination. Everything becomes a little more difficult, a little more costly – and that energy cost adds up fast.

Feelings of fatigue are not necessarily constant. They come and go, and can be different from one day to the next. Lifestyle changes can help maximize the good days by improving physical and mental health.

The Power of Exercise

The most important thing you can do to avoid feeling fatigued (and it may seem counterintuitive) is maintain a regular exercise schedule. One study even evaluated the use of “Wii Fit” as a way to encourage low-impact exercise. In the study participants used the system 3 times per week, for 30 minutes each time, for 15 weeks. At the end of the 15 weeks, participants:

• Perceived their fatigue to be significantly decreased (using the Fatigue Severity Scale)
• had a lower anxiety level (as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale)
• reported a decrease in overall intensity of total pain experience (measured by Short-form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire)
• reduced their waist circumference
• reduced their body fat

Gamification or social interaction – such as what the Wii Fit provides – can help overcome the pain and discomfort that can come with exercise and increase motivation, allowing you to enjoy the benefits. Of course, doing low-impact exercises (such as yoga, stretches, and sitting exercises,) or taking a walk outdoors with someone can help too – but movement games are an option to consider. Even short spurts of movement can drastically affect your circulatory system and mood in a positive way.

So, what else can you do?

Other Lifestyle Changes that May Help with Fatigue

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle will help decrease the severity of many symptoms, including fatigue.

Eating healthy foods – particularly lean meats, fruits, and vegetables – can influence your energy levels and overall health. It can also be useful to track the foods that you eat to get a better understanding of the source of the calories that you eat.

Getting plenty of sleep can be difficult, but it is worth figuring out. Sleep helps the nervous system work more efficiently, which can reduce fatigue. It also improves mood and overall health.

Making plans and prioritizing tasks helps you use what energy you have most efficiently. It is important to pace yourself and not overdo it – making plans in advance, figuring out what tasks you absolutely must do, and delegating the rest can help keep you from dipping into your energy reserves.

What should I avoid to combat MS fatigue?

Tobacco is generally bad for you – more specifically related to fatigue, smoking and chewing (and potentially vaping) triggers inflammation (which causes more MS damage and symptoms.) Smoked or vaped tobacco also affects the capacity and efficiency of the lungs. If the lungs are unable to do their job properly, then that is less oxygen to feed the body, and a lot less energy to spare.

Alcohol and Recreational drug use disrupt your body and mind. Chemically, drugs interfere with neurotransmitters, changing how the brain and nervous system react to these important signaling molecules. Physically, both the “highs” and the “lows” of alcohol and drug use can seriously effect the body, and the effects will be more draining in people with M.S., who are already vulnerable. Mentally, alcohol and drugs build bad habits and allow good habits to slip, as well as damage many relationships. This leads to worse overall physical and mental health and builds a “rut” that can be difficult to climb out of.

If you need to overcome your addiction and have M.S., you should do so, but make sure you are in an accredited, medically supervised program. It is not advised to do this alone. It’s better not to start drugs, and if you presently drink alcohol, to not drink too much.

Fast Foods or High Sugar Foods should definitely be avoided too. Fast food is often high oil and high carbohydrate, and – along with high sugar foods – can give a “rush” of energy followed by a “crash” as the body reacts by digesting and storing all of those sugars. This can, in particular, negatively affect diabetics – but everyone should be careful of these energy peaks and valleys. Not only do they directly affect fatigue, but they can contribute to weight issues. Fast food is also often high in salt, which can contribute to high blood pressure. Also, high fat, high sugar, and high salt foods are linked to inflammation and autoimmune damage – so eat such things in moderation!

Lassisitude and Multiple Sclerosis

Lassisitude is often used to refer to a type of severe weariness. While it is hard to describe how it is different from overall fatigue, people with M.S consider it to be different from their overall fatigue.

Lassitude, or “M.S. Lassitude” as it is sometimes referred to, is a daily instead of intermittent occurrence. It will often begin in the morning and worsen throughout the day. Environmental conditions, such as heat and humidity, will worsen it. And it may come on with suddenness, draining energy and the will to perform tasks quickly. Lassitude does not appear to be correlated to disease severity or depression, and it is a major interference in daily life.

Because of its association with M.S. and its unique traits, lassitude It is very likely neurological in origin. Although it is distinct from fatigue, it is very likely that the same lifestyle changes – better sleep, better diet, exercise, and better mental health – will also help with lassitude.

Hygiene comes from the Greek word “Hygieninos” which translates roughly as “healthful.” The word also is related to Hygia, the ancient Greek goddess of cleanliness. This means that the relationship between staying clean and staying healthy has been well-known for hundreds of years. (Though it wasn’t until the mid-19th century that hand washing between patients became standard practice for doctors and nurses.)

This holds true for MS Warriors. But, even the basic actions of personal hygiene can be out of reach a times:

• Pain limits movement
• Fatigue limits energy available to do it
• Depression drains what energy remains

Still, it is important. The CDC states that:

“Many diseases and conditions can be prevented or controlled through appropriate personal hygiene and by frequently washing parts of the body and hair with soap and clean, running water (if available).”

Key hygiene practices include hand-washing, showering, and toothbrushing. Even just the self esteem boost from being clean is enough to be worth the trouble.

Read on to see the best practices for personal hygiene – and how you can put them into practice in your own life.

Washing Your Hands

Washing your hands is, hands down (pun intended), one of the best ways to prevent sickness. The CDC advises people to wash hands before and after eating, after using the bathroom, after coughing or sneezing, or after handling dirty or sticky things.

We use our hands for so many things, touching everything around us, and also our faces. This means that our hands pick up a lot of germs (bacteria, viruses and other microbes, as well as pollutants and dirt) and carry it right to our mouths, noses, and eyes where they can enter the body.

Our hands can also pass these things on to others as we touch food, objects, and even other people’s hands. Washing your hands and avoiding touching your face helps prevent this from happening.

The WHO (World Health Organization) has a very in-depth (and catchy!) video on how to properly wash your hands, and you can view it here.

• Run your hands under clean, running water.
  • It can be warm or cold, whatever is most comfortable for you.
  • Using hot water may feel clean (and it does kill some bacteria) but it also damages your skin.
  • After wetting your hands, you may turn off the tap to conserve water
• Lather your hands with soap for ~20 seconds
  • Both liquid and solid soap will work, but it should lather.
  • Scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails
  • To remind yourself to wash long enough, sing the chorus of your favorite song twice
• Rinse your hands well under running water until no soap bubbles remain
• Dry your hands with a clean towel or air dry them.
  • If you are using a paper towel, use it to turn off the tap and open the door.

You can also use hand sanitizer that has at least a 60% ethanol base if you don’t have access to a sink or
to soap. But, soap and water is very effective at preventing both infection and transmission of disease.

Should I use antibacterial soap?

Antibacterial soap is no better than normal soap for preventing diseases. In fact, most of the disease-preventing action from soap is from how it removes germs and dust, not from killing them.

Soap molecules separate dirt and potential pathogens from our skin by taking advantage of the fact that most of these gross particles stick to our natural skin oils. Soap molecules are a surfactant – one side of their molecules is attracted to oils, and the other side is attracted to water. These molecules go between the water on the hands and the oils on the skin, lifting them off. Then, the water rinse is able to remove all of it. This rinse is what cleans the hands, not the antibacterial activity of the soap.

Antibacterial soaps are not better. Hand sanitizers work because of their ethanol content. 60% ethanol (or even higher) dries out and breaks apart the membrane or skin that surrounds many microbes, killing them off. However, this does not work against norovirus or cryptosporidiosis, both of which cause diarrheal diseases. Hand sanitizers also don’t remove pesticides, heavy metals, or other pollutants and do not work very well on dirty or greasy hands.

Ethanol (or rubbing alcohol) can also dry out the skin and may make symptoms worse, so be careful.

Showering, Baths, and Multiple Sclerosis

There are no strict CDC guidelines about showering or bathing, but it is important to wash the body periodically if possible. Removing dead skin and built-up oils prevents irritation, inflammation, and can even prevent disease. Warm water may help with joint pain.  Showering and bathing can also help with mental health, as feeling clean is worth a lot.

However, these actions can be beyond the energy or ability of severely affected MS Warriors. Showering can be difficult for people with MS, weakness and heat intolerance are a just a handful of obstacles.

If you have difficulties showering, here are some tools and adjustments that can help.

Toothbrushing and Flossing

When the mouth is not regularly cleaned through brushing and mouthwash, bacteria levels grow in the mouth. These bacteria encourage cavity formation, impacting the ability to eat, but also create a risk of these bacteria, along with particles of food, passing into the bloodstream. Much like in leaky gut, this increases inflammation in the body. However, mouth bacteria entering the bloodstream can also lead to infection and sickness. Both of these factors can influence heart and lung health.

So, how do you properly brush your teeth?

Colgate’s website has a very in-depth article about toothbrushing techniques that you should definitely check out. In general, there are a few basic recommendations:

• Brush your teeth at least twice a day. Brushing after every meal is recommended but not
  necessary.
• Use fluorinated tooth paste (which helps shore up your teeth against normal wear and tear)
• Brush for at least 2 minutes, using circular motions to really scrub off the plaque. An electric
  toothbrush does this part for you.
• Floss daily, making sure to get into the gums and the bottoms of the teeth, if possible.
• Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.

Avoiding sugar and using mouthwash can also help a lot.

Clean Up and MS

So that takes care of you – what about your space, where you and your family lives and where germs enter your environment? Keeping your home and work clean can protect you against disease and sickness. Getting help with cleaning your space is sometimes easier to articulate then getting help to clean your body, and having a clean home keeps morale up.

However, be careful – many harsher home cleaners may provide a spotless space, but have chemicals that damage the body and trigger an immune response. Gentler cleaners with natural ingredients work well and it is easier to know what is in them and control what ends up in your body.

The need for new research

Two factors are increasing the study of non-medication-based treatments for pain:

1. Increased understanding of the impact of chronic pain because of new research
   • ⅔ people with chronic pain reported decreased ability to exercise, sleep, perform household chores, or drive a car
   • “The financial cost of chronic pain is roughly the same as cancer or cardiovascular disease.”
2. Overdose and death from opioids has become a major health crisis
   • “Every day, more than 130 people in the United States die after overdosing on opioids.”

New prescribing guidelines aiming to reduce opioid use disorder can also make it challenging for people with chronic pain to get treatments

Mindfulness-based stress reduction research

A January 2019 published meta-analysis in Evidence-Based Mental Health explored the effectiveness of alternative chronic pain treatments. The researchers analyzed 21 randomized controlled trials (12 of which met subsequent quality standards) on mindfulness-based stress reduction, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and chronic pain.

Chronic pain as a result of MS was not specifically studied. Chronic pain sources included musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, chronic lower back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. 

Mindfulness-based stress reduction and CBT showed “clinically important advantages relative to control” for physical functioning, pain intensity, depression. This is particularly fascinating as control participants in some study arms received standard-of-care pain management, including medications.

What is mindfulness-based stress reduction?

As the name suggests, mindfulness-based stress reductions are interventions that help reduce stress by cultivating an awareness of the current moment (mindfulness). Meditation, breathing exercises, and yoga are 3 examples of mindful exercises.

The goal of these exercises is to encourage a body awareness and bring the focus to the present. These strategies make it easier to recognize body sensations, emotions, and thoughts and then to let them go.

In the research paper discussed above, the mindfulness exercises were administered by certified MBSR teachers or other trained professionals.

How to practice 4-7-8 breathing

You can try these strategies out for yourself! A good one to start with is mindful breathing, also known as diaphragmatic breathing or abdominal breathing. The goal of this exercise is to pace your breaths and generate a calm feeling. 

Quick tips:

• Sit with your back straight
• Try to keep your tongue touching your gums just above your front teeth during the cycle. When you exhale with your mouth open, you will breathe around your tongue

Steps:

1. Exhale completely through your mouth — make a whoosh sound
2. Close your mouth and inhale through your nose. Count to 4 in your head
3. Hold your breath and count to 7
4. Exhale completely through your mouth, making a whoosh sound, and count to 8
5. Repeat until you complete the cycle 4 times

First, try to complete the exercise twice per day. As you continue, you can add daily repetitions or increase the number of breaths that you take. 

Looking for other mindfulness exercises? Check out these 22 individual and group strategies

Chronic pain and medications

Medications will still continue to be an important part of the toolkit in the battle against chronic pain. It is not always possible to cure chronic pain. Work with your lupus treatment team to establish a safe and effective regimen. Even over-the-counter pain medications can be dangerous when taken at high doses or when taken in conjunction with other medications. Before starting any new medication, talk to your rheumatologist.

Prescription-strength medications, including opioids, are used in cases of severe pain. While opioids are strong pain relievers, they also come with a high risk of dependence and addiction. 

Opioid overdose risks are increased for people with reduced kidney or liver function. Be sure to check out these resources if you or a loved one is using an opioid for pain management.

• Safe Use, Storage, and Disposal of Opioid Drugs — by the American Academy of Family Physicians
• Opioid Overdose — by the U.S. National Library of Medicine

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications

OTC medications are available without a prescription, though they may still come in a variety of dosages. Be sure to read the labels in order to ensure you are taking a safe dose for your body weight. Also, it’s a good idea to bring up all new medications with your MS treatment team.

There are 2 main types of OTC pain relievers:

1. Acetaminophen
   1. Tylenol
   2. Ofirmev
   3. Mapap
2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
   1. Aspirin
   2. Ibuprofen (Advil; Motrin)
   3. Naproxen (Aleve)

How common is it for a person with MS to have problems walking?

According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, an estimated 2.3 million people have multiple sclerosis and that number continues to grow worldwide every year.  Problems walking is the most common cause of falls and injuries. Statistics show that approximately 50-70% of people with MS fall on a regular basis.

A recent study, conducted by scientists and physicians in accordance with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society reported that nearly 30% of people who reported falling, fell several times, which all resulted in an injury of some type.

Enhancing an individual’s ability to walk safely while preventing a fall, is crucial. Not only do falls cause injuries, the time necessary to recuperate from strained or sprained muscles or broken bones can make walking (gait) problems worse and reduce the person’s independence.

What are the top fall risk factors?

People with MS generally fall inside their home, but that is not say that the risk of falling decreases outside, at work or while out in the community.

Falls are most common when people are doing everyday activities such as; bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, or walking in unfamiliar areas or crowds outside the home.

Risk factors for falls are multifaceted and can include the following:

• Slow walking
• Balance problems
• Problems with sensation of where your body is while waking (example – If the person is unable to fully feel their feet on the group they are more likely to under or over step and fall)
• Neurological problems if a person is unable to judge where their body is in relation to a wall, stairs, a street sign, curb etc. (because the signal from the brain to the body is interrupted) a fall is likely
• Medications, some medications can make the person dizzy, or affect the message system and the person may perceive something to be closer or further away than it is
• Incorrect use of canes or walkers or trying to walk without an assistive device

What are some strategies to help prevent falls?

There are several self-management strategies a person can use to help prevent the risk of falling.

• Take close look at your home and identify anything that could possibly pose a fall risk. Once they are identified “fall proof” them. For example; Throw rugs are a fall hazard for everyone, not just people with MS – either get rid of throw rugs or secure them to the floor so they do not unexpectedly move while you are walking across them.
• Always use the correct mobility device whether it be a cane or a walker, this will decrease your risk of falling greatly.
• If you fall more often when you are tried, then try to limit your walking or walk with assistance during those times.
• If your medication makes you dizzy or unsteady, plan to sit for a period of time, until you know it is safer for you to be up and moving around.
• If you are experiencing severe weakness in your lower body, going to be in a crowd, walking a long distance or for a long time or any situation where you feel walking may be a problem use a wheelchair or scooter.

Mediation & Mediator Variables

When designing research studies, it is necessary to consider what will be measured. And, part of that process is defining the independent and dependent variables.

Independent variables are the variables that are changed intentionally by the researchers (different medication dosages, etc.) or are standard variables like age or time. The measurement of these variables does not change as a result of some other variable.

Dependent variables, on the other hand, are variables that are being studied and measured. A hypothesis is a guess at the change in the dependent variable based on the presentation of some independent variable.

Mediation models are another type of study which include mediator variables. Mediator variables are used to clarify the understanding between an independent variable and a dependent variable. In this way, mediator variables attempt to describe chains of action that may be influenced.

Sleep Strategies

Looking for ways to get to sleep faster and stay asleep? These may help:

1. Avoid blue light (cellphone screens, television, computers, etc.) 30 minutes before bed
2. Wake up at the same time everyday (weekends, too!)
3. Ban pets from your bedroom if they wake you up in the middle of the night
4. Keep your room slightly cooler than normal
5. Exercise daily — but try not to work out too close to bedtime
6. Limit naps. Try to schedule naps and aim for consistency of schedule
7. Watch your caffeine intake
8. Do not use alcohol to help you fall asleep. It decreases sleep quality and can lead to dependence issues

What defines relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)?

The majority of people who are diagnosed with MS will receive a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS. In fact, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, “approximately 85% of people with MS are initially diagnosed with RRMS.”

In relapsing-remitting MS, there are flare-ups of the disease (relapses) and periods of remission when symptoms may or may not be present. In this way, some symptoms may become permanent. Relapses are acute periods where neurological functioning gets measurably worse.

Your MS treatment team, likely your neurologist, looks for activity using MRIs. They will be looking for new gadolinium-enhancing lesions or growing T2 lesions during a specific timeframe.

In addition to measuring the current relapsing-remitting MS activity, clinicians will measure your level of disability. This is used to track the status of MS.

Taken together, these measures help your treatment team evaluate the treatment plan and track the progression of the disease. Most people with RRMS will eventually transition to secondary progressive MS.

Symptoms of relapsing-remitting MS

Relapsing-remitting MS is generally marked by relapses that last at least 24-hours. During a relapse, the symptoms may get worse. Common symptoms of RRMS include one or more of the following:

• Sensitivity to heat
• Difficulty seeing or vision problems
• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Numbness, particularly in the feet
• Memory problems
• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Depression
• Difficulty walking or balancing
• Urgently needing to urinate

Diagnosing relapsing-remitting MS

There are a variety of tests your physician may use to help diagnose RRMS. Your physician will ask you a series of questions about your symptoms; keep in mind that these questions are important in order to help rule out any other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, that may cause similar symptoms.

Additionally, a clinician will also check your sense of balance, vision, and cognition. This helps in the diagnostic stage and can serve as a benchmark for future comparisons.

Finally, you will also need an MRI scan of your spine and brain. This is used to determine if there are areas of damage in your spinal cord and/or brain that may indicate you have MS.

The results of these tests, questions, symptoms, and observations are all used to determine the appropriate diagnosis.

Managing relapsing-remitting MS

NOTE: If you believe that you may have multiple sclerosis, you should bring up your concerns and begin the diagnostic process with a doctor. While there is not a cure for MS, clinicians can accurately identify the disease and develop a personalized treatment plan.

Your physician may prescribe medications to help ease muscle spasms, depression, and/or fatigue when battling RRMS. In addition to medications, the following lifestyle changes may help manage symptoms:

• Attending physical therapy
• Eating a diet low in saturated and trans fats
• Avoiding smoking
• Exercising a moderate amount
• Getting plenty of sleep
• Trying to avoid becoming overheated

Potential cause of MS: Environment

Researchers have noticed an increased pattern in cases of multiple sclerosis in countries that are located the furthest from the equator. Sun exposure is one way for the body to get vitamin D. The correlation between decreased sun exposure and increased levels of MS has led some to believe that a vitamin D deficiency may play a causal role in multiple sclerosis. 

Vitamin D is extremely beneficial for your immune system. People who are closer to the equator are naturally exposed to more sunlight and as a result, their bodies may be able to produce more vitamin D.

Research published in the journal Neurology in October 2017 seems to confirm this correlation. The study used serum samples from over 800,000 women in the Finnish Maternity cohort. Using an an adjusted conditional logistic regression, the researchers found that an increase in vitamin D [25(OH)D — also known as calcifediol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D] of 50 nmol/L was associated with a 39% reduced risk of multiple sclerosis.

The researchers concluded: “These results directly support vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for MS.”

Other environmental factors may also be risk factors for MS. There has also been evidence showing that smoking may play an important role in the development of the disease. Research has shown that smoking may increase a person’s risk for developing MS and it is also associated with a more severe and rapid progression of the disease.

Potential MS cause: Infectious triggers

The initial exposure to a wide range of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that occur during childhood are generally known to cause inflammation and demyelination (damage to the myelin sheath). This means it is possible for a virus or other form of infection to trigger the development MS.

Dozens of bacteria and viruses that have been investigated to determine if they may lead to the onset of MS, including:

• Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6)
• Measles virus
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Canine distemper
• Chlamydia pneumonia

To date, none of the potential causes studies have been proven as a definitive cause of MS.

Potential MS cause: Genetic factors

Although MS is not consider to be hereditary disease, research has shown that having a first-line relative, such as a sibling or parent with multiple sclerosis may significantly increase a person’s risk of developing the disease. In fact, one study found that a child has 10-times the risk of developing MS if both of parents have it.

Studies have shown there is a significantly increased prevalence of certain genes in a population with higher rates of MS. Many researchers believe that people with multiple sclerosis are born with a genetic predisposition to certain, unknown environmental agents. Then, upon exposure to the trigger, the body begins the immune-mediated response.

Research published in June 2016 worked to identify the gene mutation responsible for the onset of multiple sclerosis. Identifying a mutation in the gene: NR1H3 — the researchers found that there was a 70% chance of developing MS when the mutation was present.

Disproved theories on the cause of MS

While there is still speculation into the mechanisms leading to the onset of multiple sclerosis, some theories have been disproved. Some of these disproved theories include:

• Living with dogs or small pets
• Having allergies
• Experiencing physical trauma
• Exposure to heavy metals such as lead or mercury
• Consuming aspartame

Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Team

Neurologist

Typically, prior to being formally diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, you will be referred to a neurologist because of certain symptoms. Some neurologists specialize in MS, while others treat a broader range of neurological disorders.

Because of this experience and specialization, your neurologist will serve as the cornerstone of your MS treatment team. Be sure to build around a neurologist that you trust.

Neurologists are doctors that have studied the nervous system. To help measure the nervous system, neurologists may use the following tools and tests:

• Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasounds of the head and/or neck
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
• Examination of gait
• Tests of reflexes or sensation

Physiatrist

Physiatrists are also known as Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation physicians. They are doctors that may have sub-specializations including brain injury, spinal cord injuries, sports medicine, and more.

Often, a physiatrist will be the leader of the rehabilitation team. The goals of working with a physiatrist is to develop a treatment plan that helps you live at your highest level possible while minimizing any limitations you may experience. These goals can be attained through the use of exercises and assistive devices.

Primary Care Doctor (PCP)

Your primary care doctor is focussed on your overall health. She will act as the point person or coordinator of your care team, not just your MS treatment team.

While your neurologist will likely act as the key decision maker for you MS treatment, it is useful for your PCP and neurologist to work together. MS can cause challenges throughout your body and it can be challenging to find the root cause of symptoms without a collaborative treatment team.

Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapists, & Speech/Language Pathologists

These clinicians specialize in rehabilitation to promote mobility, function, and quality of life. They can be useful for rebuilding strength and flexibility to ensure autonomy and quality of life.

An occupational therapist’s job is to find ways to make it easier for you to accomplish your day-to-day goals including tasks like cooking, eating, getting dressed, and more. An occupational therapist will work with you, your family, and your community to find clever ways to let you continue to live your own way.

If you are having a hard time managing pain or staying active, adding a physical therapist to your MS treatment team can help. Your joints will be healthier if they are active, and finding ways to keep you active is what your PT is best at.

Speech/language pathologists (S/LP) provide support and solutions for speech production to ensure clear and accurate communications. They can also help with swallowing problems to make sure that eating is safe.

Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Neuropsychologists, & Counselors

These doctors and counselors specialize in the study of behavior and the mind. They help support people and develop strategies to combat depression, anxiety, stress management, fear and phobia management, and more

These providers can also track and help improve cognitive changes including memory problems, attention issues, and difficulty with complex problem-solving.

Note: Psychiatrists are able to write prescriptions whereas psychologists and counselors rely on non-medicinal methods only.

Dietitians and Nutritionists

NOTE: Dietitians receive specialized training and a degree – they can either be registered dietitians (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN). The term dietitian can only be used by those that have met the professional requirements which include a bachelor’s degree with accredited nutrition curriculum, satisfactory performance on a registration exam, and an internship at an approved facility. View additional information on the qualifications here.

The term nutritionist is NOT protected. That means that any person may call themselves a nutritionist whether they have any specialized training or not – and some accreditations are astoundingly easy to receive. To this point, Dr. Ben Goldacre was able to have his dead cat, Hettie, accredited as a professional member of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants for just $60. Because of this, it is important to research the background of any nutritional information you receive and maintain an open dialogue with your gastroenterologist and primary care physician about your health.

• Dietitians change the foods you eat to help assess, diagnose, and treat nutritional problems.
• Dietitians may establish individual health plans to meet goals and can leverage special services, including tube feedings, diets, and more.